Difference between revisions of "User:Postmodern/Ruby"
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Latest revision as of 16:22, 12 August 2012
- Terse syntax, with some similarities to Perl or Bash
- Non-whitespace sensitive
- Duck Typing
- Operator Overloading
- Higher-order functions (aka lambdas)
- Anonymous functions (aka closures or blocks)
- Currying
- Fully Object Orientated. Everything is an Object, even primitives (0x42.chr # => "A")
- Every statement has a return value
- Method-calls as messages
- Multiple inheritence via Modules (aka Mixins)
- Metaclasses
- if, elsif, else, unless, case, break, continue, retry, return, for ... in, while, until, begin, ensure, raise/rescue, throw/catch statements.
- In-line Regular Expressions ("hello world" =~ /[a-z0-9]+/)
- Reflection
- Meta-programming
- Open Classes (aka Monkey Patching)
- method_missing/const_missing methods
- Continuations (aka Fibers)
- Fully featured standard library
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This article needs immediate attention, and is in desperate need of content. |
Contents
Learning
There are free ebooks and websites which teach you how to program in Ruby:
- TryRuby in your browser!
- The Humble Little Ruby Book
- Programming in Ruby (1.8): The Pragmatic Programmer's Guide
- The Bastards Book of Ruby
- Learning Ruby (blog)
Of course, there are many other commercial books and websites on Ruby:
- Programming Ruby 1.9: The Pragmatic Programmers’ Guide
- The Ruby Programming Language
- Well Grounded Rubyist
- Eloquent Ruby
- Ruby Reloaded (online course)
- Ruby Off Rails (online course)
Installing
All Linux distributions provide packages for Ruby, and other Ruby development tools:
Debian / Ubuntu:
sudo apt-get install ruby1.9.1-full
RedHat / Fedora:
sudo apt-get install ruby ruby-dev irb rubygems
Mac OS X systems ship with an older version of Ruby already installed, however you will want to use the latest version (current 1.9.3). The easiest way to install Ruby on a *nix platform, which does not provide an recent version of Ruby, is with the Ruby Version Manager (RVM). RVM is a set of bash scripts which can download, compile, install and update Ruby all within one's home directory.
curl -L https://get.rvm.io | bash -s stable --ruby
Alternate Implementations
The primary implementation of Ruby is known as MRI (Matz Ruby Implementation) or CRuby. However, like any other programming language, Ruby also has many alternate implementations.
- JRuby: Ruby implemented on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). It may be slow to startup, but once running JRuby is extremely performant. Consider using JRuby for highly parallized/threaded programs.
- Rubinius: Ruby implemented on LLVM. Rubinius has a small core of C++ that uses LLVM to interpret, compile and run Ruby code. The majority of Rubinius is actually written in Ruby, which makes the source-code extremely readable.
- MacRuby: Ruby implemented on LLVM and Objective C. MacRuby can interface to any Mac OS X system library.
- IronRuby: Ruby implemented ontop of the Microsoft .NET Dynamic Language Runtime (DLR).
- MRuby: A custom C implementation of Ruby, designed for embedded systems. MRuby seeks to compete with Lua.
- Ruby Motion: Uses MacRuby to compile Ruby to Objective C iOS apps.
- Ruboto: JRuby optimized for the Android platform.
Development Tools
ruby is the Ruby interpreter.
$ ruby my_script.rb $ ruby -Ilib bin/my_util
irb is the Ruby interactive console, similar to python or perlconsole. IRB also supports tab-completion, which can be enabled by adding require 'irb/completion' to your ~/.irbrc1 file.
$ irb >> RUBY_VERSION => "1.9.3"
gem, or better known as RubyGems, is the package manager for Ruby. RubyGems allows you to install Ruby libraries, or Gems, from RubyGems.org. Installed Gems can be loaded with the require method:
$ gem install foo-bar $ irb >> require 'foo/bar' => true
ri is a Ruby Documentation indexing tool. RI allows you to quickly looking documentation for Ruby methods, from the command line:
$ ri Array#pack
rake is like Make, but for Ruby. Rake is used by Ruby projects to automate various tasks, such as testing, building or installing the project.
$ rake build
Bundler is a RubyGem that allows projects to lock-down their dependencies. Bundler is commonly used by developers to automatically install dependencies for a project (bundle install) or to generate new projects (bundle gem foo).
RSpec is a popular testing framework for Ruby. When a project grows beyond one file/Class/Module, it's generally a good idea to write tests for your code, to ensure nothing breaks.
Useful Libraries
For a complete listing of popular RubyGems by category, please see the Ruby Toolbox.
Console
External Resources
- Terse syntax, with some similarities to Perl or Bash
- Non-whitespace sensitive
- Duck Typing
- Operator Overloading
- Higher-order functions (aka lambdas)
- Anonymous functions (aka closures or blocks)
- Currying
- Fully Object Orientated. Everything is an Object, even primitives (0x42.chr # => "A")
- Every statement has a return value
- Method-calls as messages
- Multiple inheritence via Modules (aka Mixins)
- Metaclasses
- if, elsif, else, unless, case, break, continue, retry, return, for ... in, while, until, begin, ensure, raise/rescue, throw/catch statements.
- In-line Regular Expressions ("hello world" =~ /[a-z0-9]+/)
- Reflection
- Meta-programming
- Open Classes (aka Monkey Patching)
- method_missing/const_missing methods
- Continuations (aka Fibers)
- Fully featured standard library
|
|
This article needs immediate attention, and is in desperate need of content. |
Learning
There are free ebooks and websites which teach you how to program in Ruby:
- TryRuby in your browser!
- The Humble Little Ruby Book
- Programming in Ruby (1.8): The Pragmatic Programmer's Guide
- The Bastards Book of Ruby
- Learning Ruby (blog)
Of course, there are many other commercial books and websites on Ruby:
- Programming Ruby 1.9: The Pragmatic Programmers’ Guide
- The Ruby Programming Language
- Well Grounded Rubyist
- Eloquent Ruby
- Ruby Reloaded (online course)
- Ruby Off Rails (online course)
Installing
All Linux distributions provide packages for Ruby, and other Ruby development tools:
Debian / Ubuntu:
sudo apt-get install ruby1.9.1-full
RedHat / Fedora:
sudo apt-get install ruby ruby-dev irb rubygems
Mac OS X systems ship with an older version of Ruby already installed, however you will want to use the latest version (current 1.9.3). The easiest way to install Ruby on a *nix platform, which does not provide an recent version of Ruby, is with the Ruby Version Manager (RVM). RVM is a set of bash scripts which can download, compile, install and update Ruby all within one's home directory.
curl -L https://get.rvm.io | bash -s stable --ruby
Alternate Implementations
The primary implementation of Ruby is known as MRI (Matz Ruby Implementation) or CRuby. However, like any other programming language, Ruby also has many alternate implementations.
- JRuby: Ruby implemented on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). It may be slow to startup, but once running JRuby is extremely performant. Consider using JRuby for highly parallized/threaded programs.
- Rubinius: Ruby implemented on LLVM. Rubinius has a small core of C++ that uses LLVM to interpret, compile and run Ruby code. The majority of Rubinius is actually written in Ruby, which makes the source-code extremely readable.
- MacRuby: Ruby implemented on LLVM and Objective C. MacRuby can interface to any Mac OS X system library.
- IronRuby: Ruby implemented ontop of the Microsoft .NET Dynamic Language Runtime (DLR).
- MRuby: A custom C implementation of Ruby, designed for embedded systems. MRuby seeks to compete with Lua.
- Ruby Motion: Uses MacRuby to compile Ruby to Objective C iOS apps.
- Ruboto: JRuby optimized for the Android platform.
Development Tools
ruby is the Ruby interpreter.
$ ruby my_script.rb $ ruby -Ilib bin/my_util
irb is the Ruby interactive console, similar to python or perlconsole. IRB also supports tab-completion, which can be enabled by adding require 'irb/completion' to your ~/.irbrc1 file.
$ irb >> RUBY_VERSION => "1.9.3"
gem, or better known as RubyGems, is the package manager for Ruby. RubyGems allows you to install Ruby libraries, or Gems, from RubyGems.org. Installed Gems can be loaded with the require method:
$ gem install foo-bar $ irb >> require 'foo/bar' => true
ri is a Ruby Documentation indexing tool. RI allows you to quickly looking documentation for Ruby methods, from the command line:
$ ri Array#pack
rake is like Make, but for Ruby. Rake is used by Ruby projects to automate various tasks, such as testing, building or installing the project.
$ rake build
Bundler is a RubyGem that allows projects to lock-down their dependencies. Bundler is commonly used by developers to automatically install dependencies for a project (bundle install) or to generate new projects (bundle gem foo).
RSpec is a popular testing framework for Ruby. When a project grows beyond one file/Class/Module, it's generally a good idea to write tests for your code, to ensure nothing breaks.
Useful Libraries
For a complete listing of popular RubyGems by category, please see the Ruby Toolbox.
Console
- irbtools: Pimp out your IRB.
- Ripl: Mimimal alternative to IRB, with tons of plugins.
- Pry: Powerful alternative to IRB.
Database
- Sequel: A SQL library for Ruby. Supports SQLite3, MySQL and Postgres.
- DataMapper: An Object Relational Mapper (ORM). Supports SQLite3, MySQL, Postgres, Oracle, MSSQL, HSQL, MongoDB, Redis.
- ActiveRecord: The Object Relational Mapper (ORM) of Ruby on Rails.
- MongoMapper: An Object Relational Mapper (ORM) for the MongoDB.
Binary
- FFI: Foreign Function Interface for Ruby. Allows you to write bindings to C libraries, entirely in Ruby.
- BinStruct: Binary Structures.
- RStruct: Yet another Ruby Binary Structure library.
- ffi-udis86: Ruby FFI bindings to the udis86 dissassembler.
Exploitation
- REX: Various Exploitation helper methods, extracted from Metasploit.
- Ruby BlackBag (rbkb): Ruby BlackBag. Misc ruby-based pen-testing/reversing tools. Inspired by Matasano BlackBag.
- Ragweed: scriptable Win32/Linux/OSX debugger written in Ruby.
- Nerve: a cross platform hit tracer built on Ragweed.
- Ronin: A Ruby platform for vulnerability research and exploit development. Ronin allows for the rapid development and distribution of code, Exploits, Payloads, Scanners, etc, via Repositories. Provides a customized Ruby Console, built-in Database and many useful classes, modules, methods, libraries.
Network
- packetfu: A library for reading a writing packets to an interface or to a libpcap-formatted file.
- EventMachine: Evented IO for Ruby.
- em-proxy: EventMachine TCP proxy.
- net-dns: DNS client library for Ruby.
- whois: Whois client for Ruby.
Scanners / Spiders
- ruby-nmap: Automate nmap from Ruby.
- Spidr: A versatile Web Spider. Spidr is designed to be fast and easy to use.
- Anemone: A multi-threaded Web Spider, supporting various backend databases.
- [http://arachni-sca
- irbtools: Pimp out your IRB.
- Ripl: Mimimal alternative to IRB, with tons of plugins.
- Pry: Powerful alternative to IRB.
Database
- Sequel: A SQL library for Ruby. Supports SQLite3, MySQL and Postgres.
- DataMapper: An Object Relational Mapper (ORM). Supports SQLite3, MySQL, Postgres, Oracle, MSSQL, HSQL, MongoDB, Redis.
- ActiveRecord: The Object Relational Mapper (ORM) of Ruby on Rails.
- MongoMapper: An Object Relational Mapper (ORM) for the MongoDB.
Binary
- FFI: Foreign Function Interface for Ruby. Allows you to write bindings to C libraries, entirely in Ruby.
- BinStruct: Binary Structures.
- RStruct: Yet another Ruby Binary Structure library.
- ffi-udis86: Ruby FFI bindings to the udis86 dissassembler.
Exploitation
- REX: Various Exploitation helper methods, extracted from Metasploit.
- Ruby BlackBag (rbkb): Ruby BlackBag. Misc ruby-based pen-testing/reversing tools. Inspired by Matasano BlackBag.
- Ragweed: scriptable Win32/Linux/OSX debugger written in Ruby.
- Nerve: a cross platform hit tracer built on Ragweed.
- Ronin: A Ruby platform for vulnerability research and exploit development. Ronin allows for the rapid development and distribution of code, Exploits, Payloads, Scanners, etc, via Repositories. Provides a customized Ruby Console, built-in Database and many useful classes, modules, methods, libraries.
Network
- packetfu: A library for reading a writing packets to an interface or to a libpcap-formatted file.
- EventMachine: Evented IO for Ruby.
- em-proxy: EventMachine TCP proxy.
- net-dns: DNS client library for Ruby.
- whois: Whois client for Ruby.
Scanners / Spiders
- ruby-nmap: Automate nmap from Ruby.
- Spidr: A versatile Web Spider. Spidr is designed to be fast and easy to use.
- Anemone: A multi-threaded Web Spider, supporting various backend databases.
- Arachni: Fully featured Web Vulnerability scanner.
Web
- Nokogiri: A fast XML/HTML parser built ontop of libxml. Supports XPath and CSS-path searching of documents.
- Mechanize: Automated head-less browser.
- RestClient: A simple HTTP client library.
- GScraper: Web-scraping interface to Google Search.
- Buby: JRuby bindings to Burp.
- Sinatra: A minimal library for creating web applications.
Resources
- #ruby-lang on irc.freenode.net
- /r/ruby: A sub-reddit for news and questions about Ruby.
- GitHub: where the majority of Ruby projects are hosted and developers collaborate.
- RubyGems.org: repository for all Ruby libraries)
- Ruby Toolbox: Groups popular RubyGems by category.
- RubyDoc: Hosts documentation for Ruby core, stdlib and all RubyGems.
References
- Make your own gem: Basic guide on publishing your first RubyGem.
- GitRef: Reference to Git, the Distributed Version Control System (DVCS) prefered by Rubyists.
- Ruby Style Guide: The defacto Ruby style-guide.
